Ap calculus ab 2019 practice exam - Princeton Review's Premium Edition AP Calculus AB study guide is an excellent option. It has been fully revised for the latest version of the exam, and includes a comprehensive content review for all test topics. It includes 6 practice tests with thorough explanations (5 in the book and 1 online).

 
Jan 29, 2024 · We can refer to the AP® Student Score Distributions, released by the College Board annually. These reports show us that the mean score was 2.93 in 2017, 2.94 in 2018, 2.97 in 2019, and 3.07 in 2020. Calculating the raw average for the prior seven years allows us to determine a mean score of 2.95 for AP® Calculus AB. . 2052 street rd

2017 AP ® CALCULUS AB FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS CALCULUS AB . SECTION II, Part B . NO CALCULATOR IS ALLOWED FOR THESE QUESTIONS. 3. The function . f . is differentiable on the closed interval [−6, 5 ] and satisfies . f (− ) 2 = 7. The graph of . f ¢, the . derivative of . f, consists of a semicircle and three line segments, as shown in the ...Polar Coordinates and Calculus (for BC teachers) streamed by Jamil Siddiqui. Study guides & practice questions for 16 key topics in AP Calc Unit 1 - Limits & Continuity.Section I of this exam contains 45 multiple-choice questions and 4 survey questions. For Part A, fill in only the circles for numbers 1 through 28 on page 2 of the answer sheet. For Part B, fill in only the circles for numbers 76 through 92 on page 3 of the answer sheet. The survey questions are numbers 93 through 96.In this exam: (1) Unless otherwise specified, the domain of a function f is assumed to be the set of all real numbers x for which. f ( x) is a real number. (2) The inverse of a trigonometric function f may be indicated using the inverse function notation. - 1 f …Free Calculus AB Practice Tests. Our completely free Calculus AB practice tests are the perfect way to brush up your skills. Take one of our many Calculus AB practice tests for a run-through of commonly asked questions. You will receive incredibly detailed scoring results at the end of your Calculus AB practice test to help you identify your ...Review AP- calculus ab Multiple Choice problems year 201913 in by 26 in. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Find all points of relative minima and maxima: y = x^2 + 6x + 5, Find all points of relative minima and maxima: y = -12/ (x^2 + 3), Find the open intervals where the function is concave up and concave down. y = (2x-12)^ (1/3) and more.Just Practice hs at ym om ud lo ap calculus bc practice exam from the 2014 administration this practice exam is provided the college board for ap exam. ... Calculus 1 Final 2019 Fall; 143 Spring 2014 Calculus 1 - Final Exam; ... e AP Calculus AB Exam and the AP Calculus BC Exam should be administered simultaneously. ey may be …The domain of F is x ≠ ±1. II. F (2) > 0. III. The graph of F is concave upward. B. I only. AP Calculus AB Practice Test 41. This test contains 10 AP calculus ab practice questions with detailed explanations, to be completed in 20 minutes.KEY Practice 3. Calc 3 - work. Measurement Solutions. AP Calc WS 2-2b - Math. AP Calc AB 2003 - AP Practice Exam. Final Review limits calc sem 1. 2013 ap calc ab practice exam mcq section questions this is the section of the 2013 ap exam. it includes cover material and other administrative instructions to.Calculus AB Practice Exam From the 2012 Administration • This practice exam is provided by the College Board for AP Exam preparation. • Exams may not be posted on school or personal websites, nor electronically redistributed for any reason. • Teachers are permitted to download the materials and make copies to use with the students inThe Princeton Review realizes that acing the AP Calculus AB & BC Exams is very different from getting straight A's in school. We don't try to teach you everything there is to know about calculus-only what you'll need to score higher on the exam. There's a big difference. In Cracking the AP Calculus AB & BC Exams, we'll teach you how to think like the test makers and-Score higher by reviewing ...The AP Calculus Course and Exam Description (Fall 2019) (.pdf/2.29MB), which has everything you need to know about the course and exam. An AP Calculus AB Exam from 2012, previously available only through your AP Course Audit account. Since this exam is now publicly available, you can use the questions without restriction.AP Calculus AB Exam. This course is organized around the foundational concepts of calculus. This includes limits, derivatives, integrals, and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. The AP Calculus AB exam format is: Sections I and II each account for 50% of the total exam score. In the free-response section students are required to show their work.You've studied hard, had a good night's sleep, eaten a good breakfast, and now you're ready for your big test. You might consider walking to the exam—20 minutes of activity, walkin...We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us.To practice for the LPN entrance exam, a person should study and practice reasoning ability, reading comprehension, language skills and numerical ability. The reasoning ability and...AP Exam Instructions ##### CALCULUS. Graphing calculators are required to answer some of the questions on the AP Calculus Exams. Before starting the exam administration, make sure each student has a graphing calculator from the approved list on page 47 of the 2015 -1 6 AP Coordinator's Manual.BOSTON, March 22, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Oncopeptides AB (publ) (Nasdaq Stockholm: ONCO), a global biotech company focused on the development of the... BOSTON, March 22, 2021 /PRNews...Ap calculus ab 2017 practice exam. Assignments 95% (164) 86. 2018 Collegeboard AP Calculus AB Practice Exam. Practice materials 77% (22) 3. Day 4 - end of the year ap exam prep day 4. Assignments None. 114.Below are the College Board info/links from the email (check your WCPSS account) you should have received: ---Students will take a 45 minute online free-response exam at home. Traditional face-to-face exams will not take place in 2020. ---For each AP subject, there will be 2 different testing dates. ---The full exam schedule will be available ...There’s been a debate brewing about why so many young doctors are failing their board exams. On one side John Schumann writes that young clinicians may not have the time or study h...The AP Calculus BC paper consists of 2 sections and the format is exactly the same as for the AB exam: Section I multiple choice - 45 questions | 105 minutes | worth 50% of the exam score. Part A: 28 questions, 55 minutes (non calculator) Part B: 17 questions, 50 minutes (calculator) Section II free response - 6 questions | 90 minutes | worth ...Free AP Calculus AB Practice Tests. Logarithms. Limits. Derivatives Part 1. Derivatives Part 2. Derivatives Part 3. Idefinite & Definite Integrals. Riemann Sums, Trapezoidal…13 in by 26 in. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Find all points of relative minima and maxima: y = x^2 + 6x + 5, Find all points of relative minima and maxima: y = -12/ (x^2 + 3), Find the open intervals where the function is concave up and concave down. y = (2x-12)^ (1/3) and more.Visit the College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. Question 1 Note: Student samples are quoted verbatim and may contain spelling and grammatical errors. Overview In this problem, fish enter and leave a lake at rates modeled by functions E and L given by 20 15sin 6 t E t and 2 0.1 4 2, t L t respectively. Both E t and L t are measured in fish per hour, and t is measured in hours since ...Write your solution to each part in the space provided for that part. 6. Consider the curve given by the equation 6xy y. = 2 + . dy y. (a) Show that 2 . dx = y2 − 2x. (b) Find the coordinates of a point on the curve at which the line tangent to the curve is horizontal, or explain why no such point exists.Kaplan's AP Calculus AB & BC Prep Plus 2019-2020 is completely restructured and aligned with the current AP exams, giving you efficient review of the most-tested content to quickly build your skills and confidence. With bite-sized, test-like practice sets and customizable study plans, our guide fits your schedule. Personalized Prep.Sample: 4B. Score: 6. The response earned 6 points: 2 points in part (a), no points in part (b), and 4 points in part (c). In part (a) the response earned the first point with the presentation of a correct expression for the derivative of V with respect to t, dV r2 dh , while handling r as a constant.Meet an AP®︎ teacher who uses AP®︎ Calculus in his classroom. 3:26. Bill Scott uses Khan Academy to teach AP®︎ Calculus at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and he’s part of the teaching team that helped develop Khan Academy’s AP®︎ lessons. Phillips Academy was one of the first schools to teach AP®︎ nearly 60 years ago.Kaplan's AP Calculus AB Prep Plus 2018-2019 is completely restructured and aligned with the current AP exam, giving you concise review of the most-tested content to quickly build your skills and confidence. With bite-sized, test-like practice sets and customizable study plans, our guide fits your schedule. We're so confident that AP Calculus AB Prep Plus offers the guidance you need that we ...Kaplan's AP Calculus AB Prep Plus 2018-2019 is completely restructured and aligned with the current AP exam, giving you concise review of the most-tested content to quickly build your skills and confidence. With bite-sized, test-like practice sets and customizable study plans, our guide fits your schedule.%PDF-1.4 %âãÏÓ 244 0 obj > endobj 243 0 obj >stream Acrobat Distiller 9.0.0 (Windows) PScript5.dll Version 5.2.2 2020-01-03T11:40:22-05:00 2020-01-03T11:40:22-05:00 application/pdf Microsoft Word - 2e_WEB_PracticeExams.docx tjenks uuid:ea20e493-4150-4b8d-97a6-13cf76adb7e6 uuid:d9302130-3c9a-4123-9b21-d4b65f3e7e92 endstream endobj 241 0 obj > endobj 238 0 obj > endobj 71 0 obj > endobj 11 0 ...The AP Calculus BC paper consists of 2 sections and the format is exactly the same as for the AB exam: Section I multiple choice - 45 questions | 105 minutes | worth 50% of the exam score. Part A: 28 questions, 55 minutes (non calculator) Part B: 17 questions, 50 minutes (calculator) Section II free response - 6 questions | 90 minutes | worth ...In this video I go over MCQ #16-21 from the Multiple Choice Non Calculator Section of the 2017 AP Calculus AB Exam.The 2021 AP Calculus AB exam will be split equally between 2 sections: multiple-choice and free-response questions. Each section is worth 50 percent of the exam score. You will have 1 hour, 45 minutes to answer 45 multiple-choice questions and 1 hour, 30 minutes to answer 6 free-response questions. For free examples of free-response questions ...The ap calculus ab practice exam 2019 pdf isn't an exception. Handling it utilizing electronic means is different from doing this in the physical world. An eDocument can be considered legally binding given that specific needs are met. They are especially critical when it comes to stipulations and signatures related to them.AP Calculus AB Free Response. AP Calculus AB Practice Exams Free Response Notes Videos Study Guides. Here are the resources you will need for the AP Calculus AB free response questions. Be sure to try out the prior year questions and check out the video solutions. Working through these problems is an important part of your FRQ test …Score Distributions. Sample Responses Q5. Sample Responses Q6. Exam paper questions organised by topic and difficulty. Our worksheets cover all topics from GCSE, IGCSE and A Level courses. Give them a try and see how you do!Step by Step worked out solutions for the 2019 AP Calculus AB Exam Free Response QuestionsDirections: Solve each of the following problems, using the available space for scratch work. After examining the form of the choices, decide which is the best of the choices given and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. No credit will be given for anything written in the exam book.The College Board's data shows that in 2019, 60% of total test takers scored a 5 the highest AP exam score, but only 16.3% of those in the standard group scored the full 5. The average score for the total group was a 4.19, and for the standard group, a 2.95. ... ap calculus ab practice exam 2018; 2018 calc bc frq; 2018 ap calc bc exam; 2018 bc ...Are you preparing to take the TOEFL exam? If so, you’re probably aware of how important it is to practice before the big day. One of the best ways to do this is by taking free TOEF...back to mr calculus. mr. calculus 2018 released free response solutions ab/bc 1 ab 2 bc 2In this video I go over Problem 6 from the Free Response Non-Calculator Section of the 2019 AP Calculus AB Practice Exam.AP Calculus AB Scoring Guidelines from the 2019 Exam Administration Keywords: AP Calculus AB Scoring Guidelines from the 2019 Exam Administration; scoring guidelines; 2019 AP exam administration; teacher resources; exam resources; exam practice; exam scoring information; exam preparation; course prepaÇX Û/HßoÂò ´ Created DateAP Calculus AB 2008 Multiple Choice Answers 1. B 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. E 9. D 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. A 14. E 15. C 16. ... 2008 AP Calculus AB and BC Practice Exam Solutions. Subject: AP Calculus AB. 997 Documents. Students shared 997 documents in this course. Level: AP. Info More info. Download. AI Quiz. AI Quiz.There’s been a debate brewing about why so many young doctors are failing their board exams. On one side John Schumann writes that young clinicians may not have the time or study h...Exam or the AP Calculus BC Exam. In a moment, you will open the packet that contains your exam materials. By opening this packet, you agree to all of the AP Program's policies and procedures outlined in the . 2013-14 Bulletin for AP Students and Parents. Please check to make sure you have the correct exam: Calculus AB or Calculus BC.The College Board's data shows that in 2019, 60% of total test takers scored a 5 the highest AP exam score, but only 16.3% of those in the standard group scored the full 5. The average score for the total group was a 4.19, and for the standard group, a 2.95. ... ap calculus ab practice exam 2018; 2018 calc bc frq; 2018 ap calc bc exam; 2018 bc ...The rules of polygamy for Fundamentalist Mormons are based on the Divine Principle. Read about polygamy rules and the practice of plural marriage. Advertisement Plural marriage is ...AP ® Calculus AB Practice Exam From the 2019 Administration This exam may not be posted on school or personal websites, nor electronically redistributed for any reason. This Released Exam is provided by the College Board for AP Exam preparation.The rules of polygamy for Fundamentalist Mormons are based on the Divine Principle. Read about polygamy rules and the practice of plural marriage. Advertisement Plural marriage is ...Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...This calculator is based on the 2017* released exam with the latest scoring guidelines, such as these. Your score on the grading curve: Why is my grade curved? Once the total composite scores are calculated, Collegeboard curves them differently each year to keep consistent standards and regular pass rates, which means we can only estimate based ...AP ® Calculus AB Exam 2018 SECTION I: Multiple Choice DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. At a Glance Total Time 1 hour and 45 minutes Number of Questions 45 Percent of Total Score 50% Writing Instrument Pencil required Part A Number of Questions 30 Time 1 hour Electronic Device None allowed Part B Number of Questions 15 Time 45 minutes Electronic Device Graphing calculator ...AP gives students the chance to tackle college-level work while still in high school and earn college credit and placement. AP Program ... Students: See Where AP Can Take You. Explore AP courses, discover free online resources, get exam practice, and find colleges that grant credit for AP. Visit AP Students; Go to AP Students Course Pages; AP ...When an AP Exam is administered, psychometric analysis determines the score ranges corresponding with each AP Exam score (5, 4, 3, 2, and 1) based on a composite score scale that combines and weights the different exam parts. Earning 40-50% of the available points can result in a score of 3 or better on many AP Exams.If you're preparing for the civil service exam, this page can help you gain insight into how the test works and how you can succeed. Written by Evan Thompson Contributing Writer Le...Below are the College Board info/links from the email (check your WCPSS account) you should have received: ---Students will take a 45 minute online free-response exam at home. Traditional face-to-face exams will not take place in 2020. ---For each AP subject, there will be 2 different testing dates. ---The full exam schedule will be available ...Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site.This course syllabus is aligned to the AP Calculus AB and BC Course and Exam Description (CED) released by the College Board in 2019. Students enrolled in this course have completed precalculus and have chosen to take BC Calculus (in lieu of AB Calculus, which our school also ofers). Students are required to take AP Calculus BC Exam in May.Graph of f x 4 3 2 1 –1 –2 –4 –3 –2 –1 12 34 –3 –4 O y 11. The graph of the function is shown in the figure ab f ove. The value of lim(fxIn 2013-2014 the district purchased textbooks the AP Calculus AB/BC courses. While the textbook wasn't 100% used in class and many materials were still supplemented it is a great resource for extra problems and explanations. It also has many good electronic resources that can help guide you through preparing for the exam.2019 AP ® CALCULUS AB FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS . 4. A cylindrical barrel with a diameter of 2 feet contains collected rainwater, as shown in the figure above. The . water drains out through a valve (not shown) at the bottom of the barrel. The rate of change of the height . h . of . the water in the barrel with respect to time . t . is modeled ...How long is the AP Calc AB Exam? The AP Calc AB Exam lasts for a total of 2 hours and 15 minutes. You can expect the AP Calc AB exam to be divided into two sections. Section 1 consists of 45 multiple-choice questions and comprises 50% of the entire exam. It will last for exactly 1 hour and 45 minutes.The AP Calculus AB exam consists of 2 sections: a multiple choice section, and a free response section. Each section will have two parts. The multiple choice section will have 45 questions and an hour and 45 minutes to complete it.AP Calculus AB - (Fri) May 3, 2024 https://mryangteacher.weebly.com/ap-spring-review.htmlLook over any material and tests from class this year, and go through these AP Calculus AB; study guides.AP Practice : Acing the exam is all about being able to recall the information quickly on the exam. Make sure to do a few rounds of the AP Calculus AB Practice Exam Room daily to get really good at recalling the concepts.Exam or the AP Calculus BC Exam. In a moment, you will open the packet that contains your exam materials. By opening this packet, you agree to all of the AP Program's policies and procedures outlined in the . 2013-14 Bulletin for AP Students and Parents. Please check to make sure you have the correct exam: Calculus AB or Calculus BC.Look for The Princeton Review’s Cracking the AP Calculus BC Exam 2020 (ISBN: 9780525568162, on-sale August 2019). Publisher's Note: Products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality or authenticity, and may not include access to online tests or materials included with the original product....2019 AP ® CALCULUS AB FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS . 4. A cylindrical barrel with a diameter of 2 feet contains collected rainwater, as shown in the figure above. The . water drains out through a valve (not shown) at the bottom of the barrel. The rate of change of the height . h . of . the water in the barrel with respect to time . t . is modeled ...Besides the complete practice test, the only official AP Calculus BC multiple choice practice questions are found in the AP Calculus Course and Exam Description. Beginning on page 228 there are 22 multiple-choice questions you can use to practice. The questions include answers and the major skills each question tests.AP Calculus AB Scoring Guidelines from the 2019 Exam Administration Keywords: AP Calculus AB Scoring Guidelines from the 2019 Exam Administration; scoring guidelines; 2019 AP exam administration; teacher resources; exam resources; exam practice; exam scoring information; exam preparation; course prepaÇX Û/HßoÂò ´ Created DateThis problem incorporates the following Mathematical Practices: Practice 1: Implementing Mathematical Processes and Practice 4: Communication and Notation. Sample: 5A Score: 9. The response earned 9 points: 4 points in part (a), 2 points in part (b), and 3 points in part (c). In part (a) the.AP Calculus AB Practice Exams Free Response Notes Videos Study Guides. Here are the resources you will need for the AP Calculus AB free response questions. Be sure to try out the prior year questions and check out the video solutions. Working through these problems is an important part of your FRQ test prep.Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site.This is a PDF package of the official AP Calculus AB 2019 full Exam, complete with all sections including: 1. SECTION I: Multiple Choice (Part A & B) 2. SECTION II: Free Response 3. Answer Key You can obtain full PDF package of the official AP Calculus AB 2019 full exam here. Below is a preview of each sections SECTION I: MULTIPLE CHOICE (PART A & B) SECTION II: FREE RESPONSE Collection of all ...AP Calculus AB Practice Tests. Use our free AP Calculus AB tests to prepare for your test prep. We have 10 tests which cover the major topics of this course, followed by a full-length AP Calculus AB practice exam. Answers and detailed explanations are included with all of our practice questions. Choose a test from the listing below to start ...Instructions. Section I of this exam contains 45 multiple-choice questions and 4 survey questions. For Part A, fill in only the circles for numbers 1 through 28 on page 2 of the answer sheet. For Part B, fill in only the circles for numbers 76 through 92 on page 3 of the answer sheet. The survey questions are numbers 93 through 96.2011 Calculus AB free response #6b. 2011 Calculus AB free response #6c. These are example problems taken directly from previous years' exams. Even if you aren't taking the exam, these are very useful problems for making sure you understand your calculus (as always, best to pause the videos and try them yourself before Sal does).

Exam or the AP Calculus BC Exam. In a moment, you will open the packet that contains your exam materials. By opening this packet, you agree to all of the AP Program's policies and procedures outlined in the 2014 - 15 Bulletin for AP Students and Parents. Please check to make sure you have the correct exam: Calculus AB or Calculus BC.. Costco torrance

ap calculus ab 2019 practice exam

We have practice problems organized by unit and concept, a variety of free response questions, two AP® Calculus AB practice exams, and two AP® Calculus BC practice exams. 2. Budget your time appropriately. There are two multiple-choice and two free-response question (FRQ) sections of the exam. Both the multiple-choice and FRQ sections are ...AP Calculus AB Multiple Choice 2013 Practice Exam Questions and Solutions Part B Try the free Mathway calculator and problem solver below to practice various math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own problem and check your answer with the step-by-step explanations.1. The density of a bacteria population in a circular petri dish at a distance r centimeters from the center of the dish is given by an increasing, differentiable function centimeter. Values of f r for selected values of. r are given in the table above. (a) Use the data in the table to estimate f ¢ 2.25 .The AP Calculus AB exam is scheduled for Tuesday, May 12 at these times: Hawaii Time: 8 a.m. Alaska Time: 10 a.m. Pacific Time: 11 a.m. Mountain Time: 12 p.m. Central Time: 1 p.m. Eastern Time: 2 p.m. The AP Calculus AB make-up exam will be held on Monday, June 1 at these times: Hawaii Time: 10 a.m.The model for exponential growth and decay that arises from the statement "The rate of change of a quantity is proportional to the size of the quantity" is. MPAC 3. Implementing algebraic/computational processes. MPAC 4. Connecting multiple representations Te Collee oar. 10 Sample uestions A Calculus AB/BC Exam.2019 AP ® CALCULUS AB FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS . 4. A cylindrical barrel with a diameter of 2 feet contains collected rainwater, as shown in the figure above. The . water drains out through a valve (not shown) at the bottom of the barrel. The rate of change of the height . h . of . the water in the barrel with respect to time . t . is modeled ...Special Session On AP Calculus AB Test || Section A Multiple Choice Questions With AnswersWhat Is on the AP Calculus AB ExamThe most important part of the te...Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site.ap-calculus-ab-2019-practice-exam 2 Downloaded from www1.goramblers.org on 2021-02-28 by guest learning with cross-linked questions, answers, and explanations. Cracking the AP Calculus BC Exam, 2019 Edition The Princeton Review 2018-10-23 Make sure you're studying with the most up-to-date prep materials! Look for The Princeton Review's CrackingAP® Calculus AB-BC. Practice. Free Response. Assessments. Overview. Looking for an AP® Calculus score calculator? Click here for this and more tips for your test! Review Albert's AP® Calculus math concepts, from limits to infinity, with exam prep practice questions on the applications of rates of change and the accumulation of small quantities.2019 AP ® CALCULUS AB FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS CALCULUS AB SECTION II, Part B . Time—1 hour . Number of questions—4 . NO CALCULATOR IS ALLOWED FOR THESE QUESTIONS. 3. The continuous function f is defined on the closed interval . −6 £ x £ 5. The figure above shows a portion of . the graph of . fMay 18, 2018 ... AP Calculus AB Exam 2018 Free Response Question #5 Working with a function. Find average rate of change. Slope of tangent line using product ...Free AP Calculus AB Practice Tests. Our completely free AP Calculus AB practice tests are the perfect way to brush up your skills. Take one of our many AP Calculus AB practice tests for a run-through of commonly asked questions. You will receive incredibly detailed scoring results at the end of your AP Calculus AB practice test to help you ...AP Calculus AB Scoring Guidelines from the 2019 Exam Administration Keywords: AP Calculus AB Scoring Guidelines from the 2019 Exam Administration; scoring guidelines; 2019 AP exam administration; teacher resources; exam resources; exam practice; exam scoring information; exam preparation; course prepaÇX Û/HßoÂò ´ Created Date2020 AP Calculus AB Practice Exam B y : P a t r i c k C o x Original non-secure materials written based on previous secure multiple choice and FRQ questions from the past three years. I wrote this as a way for my students to have access to multiple choice and FRQ since secure materials can't be used outside of class..

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